diff --git a/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.normalizes-keys.test.ts b/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.normalizes-keys.test.ts
index 2d6ede4cd12..ddb2992c3b7 100644
--- a/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.normalizes-keys.test.ts
+++ b/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.normalizes-keys.test.ts
@@ -74,6 +74,39 @@ describe("resolveProviderAuths key normalization", () => {
     );
   }
 
+  async function writeConfig(home: string, config: Record<string, unknown>) {
+    const stateDir = path.join(home, ".openclaw");
+    await fs.mkdir(stateDir, { recursive: true });
+    await fs.writeFile(
+      path.join(stateDir, "openclaw.json"),
+      `${JSON.stringify(config, null, 2)}\n`,
+      "utf8",
+    );
+  }
+
+  async function writeProfileOrder(home: string, provider: string, profileIds: string[]) {
+    const agentDir = path.join(home, ".openclaw", "agents", "main", "agent");
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(
+      await fs.readFile(path.join(agentDir, "auth-profiles.json"), "utf8"),
+    ) as Record<string, unknown>;
+    const order = (parsed.order && typeof parsed.order === "object" ? parsed.order : {}) as Record<
+      string,
+      unknown
+    >;
+    order[provider] = profileIds;
+    parsed.order = order;
+    await fs.writeFile(
+      path.join(agentDir, "auth-profiles.json"),
+      `${JSON.stringify(parsed, null, 2)}\n`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  async function writeLegacyPiAuth(home: string, raw: string) {
+    const legacyDir = path.join(home, ".pi", "agent");
+    await fs.mkdir(legacyDir, { recursive: true });
+    await fs.writeFile(path.join(legacyDir, "auth.json"), raw, "utf8");
+  }
+
   it("strips embedded CR/LF from env keys", async () => {
     await withSuiteHome(
       async () => {
@@ -144,12 +177,9 @@ describe("resolveProviderAuths key normalization", () => {
   it("falls back to legacy .pi auth file for zai keys", async () => {
     await withSuiteHome(
       async (home) => {
-        const legacyDir = path.join(home, ".pi", "agent");
-        await fs.mkdir(legacyDir, { recursive: true });
-        await fs.writeFile(
-          path.join(legacyDir, "auth.json"),
+        await writeLegacyPiAuth(
+          home,
           `${JSON.stringify({ "z-ai": { access: "legacy-zai-key" } }, null, 2)}\n`,
-          "utf8",
         );
 
         const auths = await resolveProviderAuths({
@@ -180,4 +210,195 @@ describe("resolveProviderAuths key normalization", () => {
       expect(auths).toEqual([{ provider: "google-gemini-cli", token: "google-oauth-token" }]);
     }, {});
   });
+
+  it("keeps raw google token when token payload is not JSON", async () => {
+    await withSuiteHome(async (home) => {
+      await writeAuthProfiles(home, {
+        "google-antigravity:default": {
+          type: "token",
+          provider: "google-antigravity",
+          token: "plain-google-token",
+        },
+      });
+
+      const auths = await resolveProviderAuths({
+        providers: ["google-antigravity"],
+      });
+      expect(auths).toEqual([{ provider: "google-antigravity", token: "plain-google-token" }]);
+    }, {});
+  });
+
+  it("uses config api keys when env and profiles are missing", async () => {
+    await withSuiteHome(
+      async (home) => {
+        const modelDef = {
+          id: "test-model",
+          name: "Test Model",
+          reasoning: false,
+          input: ["text"],
+          cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },
+          contextWindow: 1024,
+          maxTokens: 256,
+        };
+        await writeConfig(home, {
+          models: {
+            providers: {
+              zai: {
+                baseUrl: "https://api.z.ai",
+                models: [modelDef],
+                apiKey: "cfg-zai-key",
+              },
+              minimax: {
+                baseUrl: "https://api.minimaxi.com",
+                models: [modelDef],
+                apiKey: "cfg-minimax-key",
+              },
+              xiaomi: {
+                baseUrl: "https://api.xiaomi.example",
+                models: [modelDef],
+                apiKey: "cfg-xiaomi-key",
+              },
+            },
+          },
+        });
+
+        const auths = await resolveProviderAuths({
+          providers: ["zai", "minimax", "xiaomi"],
+        });
+        expect(auths).toEqual([
+          { provider: "zai", token: "cfg-zai-key" },
+          { provider: "minimax", token: "cfg-minimax-key" },
+          { provider: "xiaomi", token: "cfg-xiaomi-key" },
+        ]);
+      },
+      {
+        ZAI_API_KEY: undefined,
+        Z_AI_API_KEY: undefined,
+        MINIMAX_API_KEY: undefined,
+        MINIMAX_CODE_PLAN_KEY: undefined,
+        XIAOMI_API_KEY: undefined,
+      },
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("returns no auth when providers have no configured credentials", async () => {
+    await withSuiteHome(
+      async () => {
+        const auths = await resolveProviderAuths({
+          providers: ["zai", "minimax", "xiaomi"],
+        });
+        expect(auths).toEqual([]);
+      },
+      {
+        ZAI_API_KEY: undefined,
+        Z_AI_API_KEY: undefined,
+        MINIMAX_API_KEY: undefined,
+        MINIMAX_CODE_PLAN_KEY: undefined,
+        XIAOMI_API_KEY: undefined,
+      },
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("uses zai api_key auth profiles when env and config are missing", async () => {
+    await withSuiteHome(
+      async (home) => {
+        await writeAuthProfiles(home, {
+          "zai:default": { type: "api_key", provider: "zai", key: "profile-zai-key" },
+        });
+
+        const auths = await resolveProviderAuths({
+          providers: ["zai"],
+        });
+        expect(auths).toEqual([{ provider: "zai", token: "profile-zai-key" }]);
+      },
+      {
+        ZAI_API_KEY: undefined,
+        Z_AI_API_KEY: undefined,
+      },
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("ignores invalid legacy z-ai auth files", async () => {
+    await withSuiteHome(
+      async (home) => {
+        await writeLegacyPiAuth(home, "{not-json");
+        const auths = await resolveProviderAuths({
+          providers: ["zai"],
+        });
+        expect(auths).toEqual([]);
+      },
+      {
+        ZAI_API_KEY: undefined,
+        Z_AI_API_KEY: undefined,
+      },
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("discovers oauth provider from config but skips mismatched profile providers", async () => {
+    await withSuiteHome(async (home) => {
+      await writeConfig(home, {
+        auth: {
+          profiles: {
+            "anthropic:default": { provider: "anthropic", mode: "token" },
+          },
+        },
+      });
+      await writeAuthProfiles(home, {
+        "anthropic:default": {
+          type: "token",
+          provider: "zai",
+          token: "mismatched-provider-token",
+        },
+      });
+
+      const auths = await resolveProviderAuths({
+        providers: ["anthropic"],
+      });
+      expect(auths).toEqual([]);
+    }, {});
+  });
+
+  it("skips providers without oauth-compatible profiles", async () => {
+    await withSuiteHome(async () => {
+      const auths = await resolveProviderAuths({
+        providers: ["anthropic"],
+      });
+      expect(auths).toEqual([]);
+    }, {});
+  });
+
+  it("skips oauth profiles that resolve without an api key and uses later profiles", async () => {
+    await withSuiteHome(async (home) => {
+      await writeAuthProfiles(home, {
+        "anthropic:empty": {
+          type: "token",
+          provider: "anthropic",
+          token: "expired-token",
+          expires: Date.now() - 60_000,
+        },
+        "anthropic:valid": { type: "token", provider: "anthropic", token: "anthropic-token" },
+      });
+      await writeProfileOrder(home, "anthropic", ["anthropic:empty", "anthropic:valid"]);
+
+      const auths = await resolveProviderAuths({
+        providers: ["anthropic"],
+      });
+      expect(auths).toEqual([{ provider: "anthropic", token: "anthropic-token" }]);
+    }, {});
+  });
+
+  it("skips api_key entries in oauth token resolution order", async () => {
+    await withSuiteHome(async (home) => {
+      await writeAuthProfiles(home, {
+        "anthropic:api": { type: "api_key", provider: "anthropic", key: "api-key-1" },
+        "anthropic:token": { type: "token", provider: "anthropic", token: "token-1" },
+      });
+      await writeProfileOrder(home, "anthropic", ["anthropic:api", "anthropic:token"]);
+
+      const auths = await resolveProviderAuths({
+        providers: ["anthropic"],
+      });
+      expect(auths).toEqual([{ provider: "anthropic", token: "token-1" }]);
+    }, {});
+  });
 });
diff --git a/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.ts b/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.ts
index d5dafab8338..05c968f7222 100644
--- a/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.ts
+++ b/src/infra/provider-usage.auth.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   resolveApiKeyForProfile,
   resolveAuthProfileOrder,
 } from "../agents/auth-profiles.js";
-import { getCustomProviderApiKey, resolveEnvApiKey } from "../agents/model-auth.js";
+import { getCustomProviderApiKey } from "../agents/model-auth.js";
 import { normalizeProviderId } from "../agents/model-selection.js";
 import { loadConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import { normalizeSecretInput } from "../utils/normalize-secret-input.js";
@@ -21,9 +21,6 @@ export type ProviderAuth = {
 };
 
 function parseGoogleToken(apiKey: string): { token: string } | null {
-  if (!apiKey) {
-    return null;
-  }
   try {
     const parsed = JSON.parse(apiKey) as { token?: unknown };
     if (parsed && typeof parsed.token === "string") {
@@ -42,11 +39,6 @@ function resolveZaiApiKey(): string | undefined {
     return envDirect;
   }
 
-  const envResolved = resolveEnvApiKey("zai");
-  if (envResolved?.apiKey) {
-    return envResolved.apiKey;
-  }
-
   const cfg = loadConfig();
   const key = getCustomProviderApiKey(cfg, "zai") || getCustomProviderApiKey(cfg, "z-ai");
   if (key) {
@@ -103,11 +95,6 @@ function resolveProviderApiKeyFromConfigAndStore(params: {
     return envDirect;
   }
 
-  const envResolved = resolveEnvApiKey(params.providerId);
-  if (envResolved?.apiKey) {
-    return envResolved.apiKey;
-  }
-
   const cfg = loadConfig();
   const key = getCustomProviderApiKey(cfg, params.providerId);
   if (key) {
@@ -115,21 +102,23 @@ function resolveProviderApiKeyFromConfigAndStore(params: {
   }
 
   const store = ensureAuthProfileStore();
-  const apiProfile = listProfilesForProvider(store, params.providerId).find((id) => {
-    const cred = store.profiles[id];
-    return cred?.type === "api_key" || cred?.type === "token";
-  });
-  if (!apiProfile) {
+  const cred = listProfilesForProvider(store, params.providerId)
+    .map((id) => store.profiles[id])
+    .find(
+      (
+        profile,
+      ): profile is
+        | { type: "api_key"; provider: string; key: string }
+        | { type: "token"; provider: string; token: string } =>
+        profile?.type === "api_key" || profile?.type === "token",
+    );
+  if (!cred) {
     return undefined;
   }
-  const cred = store.profiles[apiProfile];
-  if (cred?.type === "api_key") {
+  if (cred.type === "api_key") {
     return normalizeSecretInput(cred.key);
   }
-  if (cred?.type === "token") {
-    return normalizeSecretInput(cred.token);
-  }
-  return undefined;
+  return normalizeSecretInput(cred.token);
 }
 
 async function resolveOAuthToken(params: {
@@ -161,22 +150,21 @@ async function resolveOAuthToken(params: {
         profileId,
         agentDir: params.agentDir,
       });
-      if (!resolved?.apiKey) {
-        continue;
+      if (resolved) {
+        let token = resolved.apiKey;
+        if (params.provider === "google-gemini-cli" || params.provider === "google-antigravity") {
+          const parsed = parseGoogleToken(resolved.apiKey);
+          token = parsed?.token ?? resolved.apiKey;
+        }
+        return {
+          provider: params.provider,
+          token,
+          accountId:
+            cred.type === "oauth" && "accountId" in cred
+              ? (cred as { accountId?: string }).accountId
+              : undefined,
+        };
       }
-      let token = resolved.apiKey;
-      if (params.provider === "google-gemini-cli" || params.provider === "google-antigravity") {
-        const parsed = parseGoogleToken(resolved.apiKey);
-        token = parsed?.token ?? resolved.apiKey;
-      }
-      return {
-        provider: params.provider,
-        token,
-        accountId:
-          cred.type === "oauth" && "accountId" in cred
-            ? (cred as { accountId?: string }).accountId
-            : undefined,
-      };
     } catch {
       // ignore
     }
diff --git a/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.antigravity.ts b/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.antigravity.ts
index fe4fd9de10a..ce21f77b798 100644
--- a/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.antigravity.ts
+++ b/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.antigravity.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { logDebug } from "../logger.js";
-import { fetchJson } from "./provider-usage.fetch.shared.js";
+import { fetchJson, parseFiniteNumber } from "./provider-usage.fetch.shared.js";
 import { clampPercent, PROVIDER_LABELS } from "./provider-usage.shared.js";
 import type { ProviderUsageSnapshot, UsageWindow } from "./provider-usage.types.js";
 
@@ -46,16 +46,7 @@ const METADATA = {
 };
 
 function parseNumber(value: number | string | undefined): number | undefined {
-  if (typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value)) {
-    return value;
-  }
-  if (typeof value === "string") {
-    const parsed = Number.parseFloat(value);
-    if (Number.isFinite(parsed)) {
-      return parsed;
-    }
-  }
-  return undefined;
+  return parseFiniteNumber(value);
 }
 
 function parseEpochMs(isoString: string | undefined): number | undefined {
diff --git a/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.minimax.ts b/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.minimax.ts
index ee794a90a19..224c2455264 100644
--- a/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.minimax.ts
+++ b/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.minimax.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import { isRecord } from "../utils.js";
-import { buildUsageHttpErrorSnapshot, fetchJson } from "./provider-usage.fetch.shared.js";
+import {
+  buildUsageHttpErrorSnapshot,
+  fetchJson,
+  parseFiniteNumber,
+} from "./provider-usage.fetch.shared.js";
 import { clampPercent, PROVIDER_LABELS } from "./provider-usage.shared.js";
 import type { ProviderUsageSnapshot, UsageWindow } from "./provider-usage.types.js";
 
@@ -151,15 +155,9 @@ const WINDOW_MINUTE_KEYS = [
 
 function pickNumber(record: Record<string, unknown>, keys: readonly string[]): number | undefined {
   for (const key of keys) {
-    const value = record[key];
-    if (typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value)) {
-      return value;
-    }
-    if (typeof value === "string") {
-      const parsed = Number.parseFloat(value);
-      if (Number.isFinite(parsed)) {
-        return parsed;
-      }
+    const parsed = parseFiniteNumber(record[key]);
+    if (parsed !== undefined) {
+      return parsed;
     }
   }
   return undefined;
diff --git a/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.shared.ts b/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.shared.ts
index 0ce82ee9cb1..2a2d2d0201b 100644
--- a/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.shared.ts
+++ b/src/infra/provider-usage.fetch.shared.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,19 @@ export async function fetchJson(
   }
 }
 
+export function parseFiniteNumber(value: unknown): number | undefined {
+  if (typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value)) {
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    const parsed = Number.parseFloat(value);
+    if (Number.isFinite(parsed)) {
+      return parsed;
+    }
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
 type BuildUsageHttpErrorSnapshotOptions = {
   provider: UsageProviderId;
   status: number;
diff --git a/src/infra/provider-usage.format.ts b/src/infra/provider-usage.format.ts
index 3b02828f499..5cfe6ba0ef1 100644
--- a/src/infra/provider-usage.format.ts
+++ b/src/infra/provider-usage.format.ts
@@ -33,13 +33,6 @@ function formatResetRemaining(targetMs?: number, now?: number): string | null {
   }).format(new Date(targetMs));
 }
 
-function pickPrimaryWindow(windows: UsageWindow[]): UsageWindow | undefined {
-  if (windows.length === 0) {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  return windows.reduce((best, next) => (next.usedPercent > best.usedPercent ? next : best));
-}
-
 function formatWindowShort(window: UsageWindow, now?: number): string {
   const remaining = clampPercent(100 - window.usedPercent);
   const reset = formatResetRemaining(window.resetAt, now);
@@ -84,19 +77,12 @@ export function formatUsageSummaryLine(
     return null;
   }
 
-  const parts = providers
-    .map((entry) => {
-      const window = pickPrimaryWindow(entry.windows);
-      if (!window) {
-        return null;
-      }
-      return `${entry.displayName} ${formatWindowShort(window, opts?.now)}`;
-    })
-    .filter(Boolean) as string[];
-
-  if (parts.length === 0) {
-    return null;
-  }
+  const parts = providers.map((entry) => {
+    const window = entry.windows.reduce((best, next) =>
+      next.usedPercent > best.usedPercent ? next : best,
+    );
+    return `${entry.displayName} ${formatWindowShort(window, opts?.now)}`;
+  });
   return `📊 Usage: ${parts.join(" · ")}`;
 }